The Manager of the Century Following the Track of a Born Leader

Cutting a Long Story Short: When the Organization Was Falling Apart There have been a number of theories of leadership, some of them credible and understandable, others complicated and practicing a mixture of various leadership styles; yet was no theory of success – until Jack Welch took the wheel and reinvented the whole perspective of what leadership is supposed to be.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Manager of the Century: Following the Track of a Born Leader specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tracking the way Welch reorganized the company and turned it into a true goldmine will most possibly lead to understanding the whimsical ways in which leadership and management strategies collide to provide a perfect result. According to Angier, Pond Angier (2004), In 1960, Welch started in GR’s plastic division for an annual salary of $10,500 [†¦]. In December 1980, Welch was announced as the new C EO and chairman of GE. It was a record-breaking appointment. At 45, Welch was the youngest chief the company has ever appointed. (Angier, Pond Angier, 2004, 90) Thus, the given paper is aimed at analyzing the methods which Welch used to turn GE into a clockwork mechanism, as well as learning about the specific strategies which Welch used, the strengths and weaknesses of the leader of the XXI century, and the theories which Welch used as the life buoy for his incredible venture. Jack Welch and His Leadership Qualities: The Napoleon of the Business World There are many ways to describe Jack Welch’s personality and approach towards his employees and his business; however, the one who managed to capture the essence of Welch’s multilateral personality and distill the three ultimate qualities that make the entrepreneur the king of the business world is Shriberg; according to the latter, the main features of a leader that Welch possesses are: â€Å"(1) His personal willingn ess to keep learning and the establishment of a learning culture at GE; (2) constant open communication with employees, and (3) a willingness to take risks and embrace change† (Shriberg, 2010, 71). Considering each will bring one closer to the secret of Welch’s success. Quality #1: charging people with energy Despite rather rough and uncompromising manner of employing and dismissing the staff, Welch does have his own ways of making the company prosper, and one has to give the credit where it belongs to – with the help of a very specific leadership style, Welch has managed to bring the company back from ashes.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Welch, with the unceasing energy of his, filled the entire corporation with the desire to move on and generate new incredible ideas. Indeed, the idea of charging people with energy is one of the key principles of Welch ’s leadership manner. As Shriberg (2010) commented on Welch’s teachings, In 2005, Welch co-authored (with his wife Suzy) a book titled Winning. In this book, they stress the qualities and traits that a leader should possess. In particular, they emphasize that leaders should exude positive energy, energize others, reward and teach followers (71) Indeed, the people who feel cheerful about the project and optimistic about the prospects, the whole working process speeds up considerably. In addition, it is essential that Welch started paying a specific attention to the employees, trying to establish friendly relationships with each of them, which was crucial to the whole new idea of the GE Corporation. Feeling valued and on par with the chief of the company, the employees start working more efficiently, thus, leading the company to a doubtless triumph. However, there are two more components of Jack Welch’s style which made it so incredibly successful. Quality #2: one must have the guts Another important element of Jack Welch’s strategy, the risk-taking idea, has led to the most impressive results. According to Welch and his idea of reforming the company, when there is nothing else to do and the corporation is slowly going to a complete bankruptcy, the most reasonable thing is to hold on to the tiniest chance that one can see.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Manager of the Century: Following the Track of a Born Leader specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Welch’s understanding, taking the not absurd chance possible is yet better than watch the company slowly dying, standing there and doing nothing. As Lane (2007) noticed, Welch told me, long ago, that he had never encountered an IBM guy who had joined GE who was really good. But he had never seen one who was really good. My observation was that they presented themselves as passionless, white-shirted techies, in contrast to the leadership corps of fantastics he was assembling. (44) Thus, the second principle that Welch used when bringing General Electric to life was the idea that even the most unbelievable opportunity is worth checking out. Even though the given suggestion might seem a bit too risky for every person I business to follow in the case of a certain emergency, it definitely works in the cases when there is nothing else to lose. Even though the given method is not to be used in every situation, in certain instances, the nothing-venture-nothing-gain attitude can lead to great success. Thus, being able to decide on a flip of a coin is another Welch’s doubtless quality. Quality #3: no regrets and nothing personal The last, but definitely not the least quality that helped Jack Welch to bring the GE its glory back is the ability to abstract away from the personal relationships and decide what is best for the company.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although one might consider Welch’s policy on firing the employees who could not contribute to the company somewhat tough and not quite as just as it could have been, it is still important to stress that Welch was doing what was best for the company, leaving the emotions behind. As Hegar (2011) commented on Jack’s impressive start at the General Motors, â€Å"When Jack Welch took the reins in 1981, he spent a good deal of his time getting rid of managers who could not meet their goals. In fact, he soon was dubbed ‘neutron Jack,’ because like a neutron bomb, he got rid of people but left buildings and machinery intact† (333). Obviously one of his greatest assets, overloading energy is what made Welch so successful. Although the means which Welch resorted to seem quite rough, it is still obvious that Welch did what he had to do, and this fact makes him the leader that the company needed – the strong, uncompromising and resourceful man who could turn the entire world of the General Electric upside down. Cool-headed and strict, Welch is truly an ideal business leader. Welch’s Leadership Strengths and Weaknesses: When the Strings Are Pulled too Tight It goes without saying that, to make the General Electric famous once again and help the company gain even more profit than it used to, reorganizing it completely and offering a completely new style a leadership and approach to the employees, one has to be an extraordinary human being; one has to be Jack Welch. However, along with his numerous strengths, Welch also has his weaknesses, which means that his leadership style cannot be completely flawless. Once digging a bit deeper into the way Welch organized his work and changed the company’s strategy, one can possibly realize what exactly made Welch such strong a leader, as well as see some spots on the sun – that is, some minor slips in Jack Welch’s manner of managing the company. One way or another, investigating the ways in which the style of famous Jack Welch falls flat is just as exciting as learning about the incredible ways in which Jack Welch managed to return GE its glory and make the company famous once again. Once taking a closer look at the other side of the moon, one can see that each style of leadership has its flaws, and the key responsibility of a real leader is to spot the stage at which the chosen track starts leading to a dead end. Then, with a careful choice of the appropriate tactics, one can find the way out of the complicated situation, which Welch has demonstrated in his revolutionizing of the GE management style. Welch’s strengths: the three whales the earth stands on As it has been previously mentioned, the leadership style that Welch has chosen is based on both maintaining perfect relationships with employees, thus, creating the optimum atmosphere for high productivity, and at the same time demanding from the employees the best that they can do. The aspect of the trustworthy relationships with employees seems the key to Welch’s success, since without these relationships, he employees would have had an image of a tyrant for Welch, with the latter’s incredibly demanding attitude, and would have resisted the new company policy. Judging by the given strategy which Welch chose, it can be suggested that his leadership style is based on a mixture of theories. For instance, the fact that Welch’s demands for quality were incredibly high indicates that the first theory behind Welch’s strategy was Welch’s weaknesses: don’t hit a man when he is down However, even being considered a demigod in the realm of management, Welch, like any other mere mortals, has his own weaknesses, too. However, it is worth mentioning that the weaknesses of Jack Welch are rather specific and practically are the reverse side of his qualities. Indeed, any feature of a leader when being pushed to extreme turns against t its owner, which is exactly the case of Jack Welch and his corporate policy. To be more precise, Welch takes his business so seriously and follows his own rues so hard that when it is time to compromise and choose the way which goes against Welch’s own set of principles. Once facing the issue that requires choosing a â€Å"non-Welch† manner of acting, or the methods that contradict Welch’s own ideas and principles, Jack Welch is most likely to consider it inappropriate, which at certain points can pose a threat to the entire company. Therefore, the lack of flexibility is the only yet the most dangerous issue that can stand in the way for the person with Jack Welch’s means of handing the corporation. In addition, the strategy of dismissing anyone whom Welch considered not suitable for the company and/or for a certain position can be questioned. Perhaps, in certain cases, people whom Welch fired could be simply having the wrong positions and could actually be assigned for different kinds of work in the same company. Instead of analyzing the peculiarities of each of the employees and offering them the positions in which they can deliver a splendid performance, Welch simply disposed of the ones whose results left much to be desired. Indeed, a hasty manner of dismissing the people who could have actually brought profits to the company if working in a different department does not seem the decision that a wise leader would undertake. However, the given observation is based on a typical organizational situation and does not take into account the peculiarities of the GE Co From People to Models: Welch’s Leadership Style and the Theory Behind It As for the theoretical background which Welch used to achieve such incredible success in such small amount of time, it is reasonable to mention that the traits of Welch’s leadership style can be attributed to a number of various theories, which can only mean that Welch resorted to the s ituational leadership theory. As Barker (1992) remarked, The basic premise of situational leadership theories is that different leadership styles are needed in different situations [†¦]. Leaders need to adapt their style to the situation at hand. The situation theories contributed two new elements to the development of leadership theory: the situation and the follower. These theories are prescriptive – attempting to tell leaders how to act in a given situation. (Barker, 1992, 9) On the one hand, it is crystal clear that Welch used the situational leadership style to understand the company needs, adapt to the existing situation and make the necessary changes. However, it is also worth taking into account that Welch sought to develop relationships with his employees, which can be interpreted as the means to win their respect and motivate them by showing the example of a perfect worker. Thus, it can be claimed with certainty that Welch combined the situational leadership ap proach with Fiedler’s contingency theory. According to Barker (1992), â€Å"The Contingency Model of leadership effectiveness sought to integrate person, process and situation† (10). Therefore, it is obvious that Welch managed to reach the peak not only because of his winning personality, but also with the help of a solid leadership theory backing him up. However, it is also important to add that the theory which Welch used as the cornerstone of his further attitude towards the company and the employees was not only the commonly known theoretical principle, but also a blend of his own idea of leadership and management. As it has been mentioned previously, Welch often acted in spite of the management principles, which also led to quite fruitful results. Thus, it is a clear-cut case of creating a new theory of leadership – the theory of success, making an example for the newcomers and the new explorers of the business jungle – one of the most dangerous and thrilling places one has ever set foot on. Reference List Angier, M. E., Pond, S. Angier, D. (2004). 101 best ways to get ahead. South Burlington, VT: Success Network. Barker, A. M. (1992). Transformational nursing leadership: A vision for the future. New York City, NY: Jones Bartlett Learning. Hegar, K. W. (2011). Modern human relations at work. Stanford, CN: Cengage Learning. Lane, B. (2007). Jacked up: The inside story of how Jack Welch talked GE into  becoming the world’s greatest company. New York City, NYC: McGraw-Hill Professional. Shriberg, A. (2010). Practicing leadership principles and applications. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. This essay on The Manager of the Century: Following the Track of a Born Leader was written and submitted by user Porter G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Movie review of Yentl

Movie review of Yentl MOVIE REVIEW: YENTLEveryone at one time or another has felt out of place. Feeling unsure of one's place in society is an experience that every young adult faces but deals with differently. Some rebel while others comply with whatever has been set out for them by society or their parents, or both. The role of the woman in society is forever changing. Where women were once obligated to stay in the home and dote on their husbands, they are now working in the same types of jobs as their husbands. What was typically the male role has been blurred and practically obliterated. Religious roles have followed society's lead in their evolution. For example, since its creation over five thousand years ago, the Jewish religion has evolved in some movements to involve women and men equally in ceremonies. The orthodox movement has always remained traditional in its belief that women have their place in the home, cooking and raising children, and serving their husbands.Barbra StreisandEducation rema ins the man's duty. The movie Yentl starring Barbara Streisand, shows this traditional belief through its plot, characterization, music, lights, camera angles, and symbolism.Set in Eastern Europe in 1904, Yentl captures the essence of the Jewish woman's eternal struggle. It is the story of a young girl, in love with learning but forbidden to do so by Jewish tradition. Upon her father's death, Yentl disguises herself as a boy to attend a yeshiva (religious school) and continue her studies. She befriends Avigdor, a male scholar at the yeshiva, and falls in love with him. Driven by her love for him, Yentl will do all that she can to ensure that he is near her and that her secret is not revealed. Yentl struggles with her secret until the day she can no longer...

Spotify highlights Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spotify highlights - Article Example New songs that have been released need to be promoted for people to listen. Spotify creates awareness for those songs in so doing the song can become a trending song and a benefit to both the artist and Spotify as a whole. For instance, the use of YouTube to promote new songs has enhanced the accessibility of songs and rating. Artists are paid depending on the number of views a song has attracted. The song â€Å"The blacker the berry† by Kendrick Lamar is nice and not all his fan were able to grab an audio copy of the song. On YouTube the song, it had three million views in a span of one day. This clearly shows social media has an influential capacity to songs. The reason Spotify has added users rapidly is because of its tie-ups with social media sites (Bostrà ¶m, Raoul, Kieran, Bidisha, Juan, and Skee, 2). Social media is the marketing platform for Spotify and, therefore, will require its users to own a social media account. 75% of Americans own a social media account, and this is beneficial for Spotify in creating awareness for new songs across different age-group. Communicating with the users need to be two-way traffic a feature that is supported by the social medias. For instance, a dislike or a like from the consumer side is easily shared using on-line platform. Spotify has capitalized on Facebook and tweeter as an on-line platform to share opinions from either side. Opinions and suggestions from users make it easy for Spotify to identify the areas which they need to improve for better service delivery. Artists whose songs are in YouTube will read reviews from their fans and spot area that needs improvement or in some cases listeners appreciate the work of the

Rhetoric Analysis on Children with Diabetes Essay

Rhetoric Analysis on Children with Diabetes - Essay Example his two sons for school and the preparation includes giving his younger son insulin injections to maintain the blood sugar level since the child was diagnosed with diabetes. Despite the busy schedule, Parker creates some time to check on his diabetic child while at school. There has been an increasing trend in the average number of children and young adults being diagnosed with diabetes. According to the centers for disease control and prevention, there has been a significant increase in the number of children and adolescents living with either type one or type two diabetes. This has raised concerns among professionals on how to manage diabetes especially among the young children who still need great supervision in all aspects whatsoever and living with diabetes includes medication on a daily basis. Campaigns are held across the country to sensitize parents on how to care for and help their little ones live a normal life with diabetic conditions. It is possible for any parent to work and at the same time take good care of their children living with diabetes. Mr. Parker is a good example that parents should emulate and give their ailing children proper attention and care. In children, managing diabetes may not be as easy as it may seem on adults. Children are normally active and playful and this may not be favorable condition for people with diabetes. For children, it is the responsibility of the parent to remind them of the medication and strictly manage their diets and activities. Mr. parker ensures that his ailing child eat the right food throughout the day and do not over engage in activities that require a lot of energy at school. This has been possible by discussing the child’s condition with the teacher. Packer calls the school after every three hours to know the child’s condition, in case there are complications, he sends an ambulance to take the child to hospital. Conclusively, diabetes among children is on the rise and it is the parent’s

EU Membership Criteria Evaluation Dissertation

EU Membership Criteria Evaluation Dissertation Abstract The purpose of this thesis is establishing a new membership mechanism for the European Union (EU). As the EU struggles with different kind of issues those showed up lately due to its membership mechanism, the demand for a new membership system arises. The thesis follows five steps to come up with a new solution. First step covers information of the current membership system. Second step refers particular problems closely related with membership system. In third phase the framework of the recommended system is built up considering the problems. Within the fourth step, the new system applied on mentioned problems to see how it effects current situation in theory. Finally, the self-criticism on the recommended system and the comparison between recommended and current membership mechanism is done in the fifth part. To understand the necessity of a new membership system at least the existent structure with its historical background shall be known. As much as knowing well the source of problems, analyzing problems separately is also required to create a solution. In the same way to come up with a solution, the establishment of the system shall be based on arguments those pointed out during the examination of the current membership system. While settling the new system, required elements were inspired from different disciplines of the social science. To check the functionality of the new system, it is applied to related problems. More specific explanations about the system are held during this checking process. Even if it sounds well functioning in theory, there might be some points to criticize in the new system since the perfection of a system is hard to achieve in social topics. The last thing to decide about whether choosing the recommended system or not is comparing the system with the curren t one according to their advantages and disadvantages. All in all, the thesis claims that the European Union is going to have a dynamic membership mechanism which provides more efficiency in membership activities. As a result, the EU can solve its problems and increase its structural solidity. In other words, the unification of member states may process faster than before. INTRODUCTION The Assumption â€Å"The European Union is NOT a religiously formed structure; unlike it is suspected and conspired as a Christianity Union by some political scientists.† 1.2 The EU and necessity of a new membership system Europe has achieved a very stunning progress in unification so far. However the mind bending question â€Å"Does the unification make anything better for all of the EU countries?† still doesn`t have a clear answer. From 1952 Paris Treaty until 2007 the last enlargement, the European Union (EU) enlarged fifth times and each enlargement separately came with some pros and cons. It has been arguing that how come a positive and beneficial action could create drawbacks and be harmful rather than helpful. Even though the ideology behind the establishment of the European Union is basically covers mutual beneficial agreement, somehow enlargements make some members` current social and economic situation worse. Besides, there are also some debates on whether enlargements should continue or not. After considering long-term cost-benefit analysis of enlargement attempts some doubts justifiably aroused about necessity of enlargement. The answer of these kinds of questions and results of thes e arguments will be also provided if the dilemma of enlargement is solved. It is easy to point out the problems and backwards of enlargement observing the social and economic fluctuation in the EU countries. However, marking the first cause and fundamental reason of these problems and to find exact solutions, as much as the source of problems are different and varied and cannot be solved without major regulations, the enlargement structure should be examined per se. Thus, to see the main stream of enlargement problems, essentially focusing on the enlargement progress is necessary. As the question aroused about the enlargement progress, the membership process that the skeleton of enlargement is so important to analyze and observe the basic reason of problems in the EU with cost-benefit perspective. It can be said that the membership process may actually the origin of the problems which can be monitored in the EU. To see how membership process affects the Union badly, a comparison of social and economic indicators between current and previous situations is truly required. In other words, analyzing from â€Å"the big bang† of the EU till current situation by looking at enlargement results gives some clues to understand how problematic the membership process is. Additionally, the current social and economic situation of the EU members and the EU`s relations with other states are also helpful indicators to recognize the problem in membership process. Furthermore, during the analysis it can be observed that in some cases the legal and written rules of the EU come short to cover the legal loophole at the current membership process. After reaching the conclusion of analysis about the membership process, the system can be regulated and may be renewed according to the results those show us whether the system should be changed. Although if the results objectively refer the moderate performance of membership process, a new prospectively designed system will still be suggested to optimize the system and increase efficiency. Because by having a flashback to the establishment of the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) it can be seen that the main scheme of the EU was created to improve and support efficiency among countries. Thus if there is a more efficient and beneficial system which helps the EU to get rid of its problems particularly, it should be preferred to current membership process due to ideological background of the EU, even though the current system works with difficulties. Besides, the recommended system will compromise with the current system by adapting most of its features. Mostly, membership systems are thought so strictly binding with members and rules of membership are not dynamic to adopt with a new unknown situation. But the recommended membership system which will be designed and tested can bring dynamism into the EU structure. The structure of membership process is bases on the framework of dynamic systems. As the ideology and motto of the new system, it can be said the whole world changes and differs every second to form adaptation with each items in it, systems also should be so dynamic that adopt with every sort of situation. In other words, the life is dynamic by itself. Therefore, a dynamic system for the EU membership mechanism is more realistic than a static membership model. Even in social sciences such as economics a dynamic analysis of economy is more explanatory than a static analysis and it also has more correct results. This thesis follows on five steps those will give us an understanding of change and the difference of new membership system. First of all, the current membership system and enlargement activities will be mentioned to observe the current situation. Secondly, the international, social and economical problems caused by current membership system will be mentioned particularly. The current problems and the lack of solution method against them will be shown in this part. Thirdly, the difference and requirements of new recommended membership system will be introduced. Furthermore, the application of the new membership system will be tried out with problems which would have been mentioned on the second step. Lastly, the conclusion to make an overall analysis and self-criticism of nominated membership system emphasizing advantages and disadvantages of both membership systems will be pointed out. At the beginning of the thesis, the assumption is placed in the middle of the first page without a ny additional script to emphasize it very strongly. Because the whole thesis is bases on the assumption that the European Union is just a union tries to increase common benefits of all countries in Europe without any discrimination. Otherwise, if it was not said so and the European Union was a religiously established union, there would be no need to improve efficiency of the membership process because the only one membership criterion that would have been looked for would be the Christianity of the applicant countries. Hence, the thesis would be meaningless, the current application of non-Christian countries as well. The assumption also helps to set the border of this thesis. During the thesis, the focus will just be on objective materials without referring any speculative comments. The dynamic system will be recommended for the EU can also be used as a conflict resolution method on the other unions` problem. With beliefs of the EU wants to have a more efficient and beneficial system, and also the EU defends that the unification of economic system and the harmonization of social structures shall be carried forward, a dynamic system will solve most of the problems in the union without getting in any other political debates such as religion. As an introduction for drawbacks of the current system, slowdown in economic indicators, rising of nationalist ideology and parties, rejection of the EU constitution, domestic moral problems in member states such as in Italy, Budget deficit problems in member states like Greece and Spain, lack of common foreign and security policy, and loosing beliefs of candidate states on the EU can be referred among dozens of problems. Nowadays, the EU is not in a comparable position with its former strength but the comparison of situations after and before enlargement activities will show that how the current system affects the strength of the union negatively. Thus, it will also explain how a membership system can diminish the power of a union. As simple as in the metaphor about flywheels of a machine, if there is any flywheel that works reversely, it should be gotten out from the mechanism before it blocks the working system. Even if a member state doesn`t work simultaneously with the union, the Union may be able to ban the state or hold its membership for a while. Otherwise the whole legal structure doesn`t help the system to work properly, this illustrates that the membership mechanism needs to be restored with an efficient one. PART I THE CURRENT MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM AND ENLARGEMENT ACTIVITIES 2.1 The current membership System The current membership system bases on three different documents which are The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49),The declaration of the June 1993 European Council in Copenhagen, i.e. Copenhagen criteria, and a document is decided after negotiations about adaptation to acquis communautaire between European Union and candidate state. Lately, all of the membership requirements and its legal structure were combined into the Treaty of Lisbon. This means that all of those three documents are included into the treaty of Lisbon with a couple of updates. Especially, the Copenhagen Criteria are the rules that decide whether a country is eligible to join the European Union and they are also known as the main detailed source for the membership prerequisites. Firstly, the idea of preparing a legal content for membership carried out with the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht (Article O). In Article 49 (formerly Article O), the geographical criteria and slightly general policy criteria were settled do wn. Then, with the 1993 Copenhagen Criteria, the general policy criteria of membership were described in more details considering three aspects; Political, Economic and Legislative. After all those criteria, as a homestretch, measures and regulations decided by negotiations between the European Union and candidate states fulfill the scheme of membership requirement for the EU. Most of these criteria have been confirmed over the last decade by legislation of the European Council, the European Commission and the European Parliament, as well as by the case law of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. The mentioned documents provide all requisites to become a member state of the EU. Thus, criteria can be sorted with sub-categories to understand what the EU demands from candidates particularly regarding to the general policy, geographic, political, economic, and legislative criteria. As a main frame the general policy criteria can be summarized as in the Article O (Maastricht Treaty): â€Å"Any European State may apply to become a Member of the Union. It shall address its application to the Council, which shall act unanimously after consulting the Commission and after receiving the assent of the European Parliament, which shall act by an absolute majority of its component members. The conditions of admission and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the Union is founded which such admission entails shall be the subject of an agreement between the 16 Member States and the applicant state. This agreement shall be submitted for ratification by all the contracting States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements.† (European Commission, 1992a) In addition to the article it can be extensively illustrated by an excerpt from the Copenhagen Presidency conclusions: â€Å"Membership requires that candidate country has achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union. Membership presupposes the candidates ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union. †(Copenhagen European Council, 1993: 1) Regarding its acquis and actions, the EU doesn`t have certain steady geographic criteria for candidates. The EU refused Morocco`s applications a couple of decades ago, in 1987 due to territorial and geographical difference. Besides, even though Turkey has small part of its territory on the European continent and Turkey is on â€Å"negotiation† phase of membership process now, the membership of Turkey is still a huge debate. On the other hand, the speculations about the membership of Israel is considerably spread because of close economic and politic relations between Israel and the EU (Europa, 2007) and recently some Prime Ministers of member states individually declared that they would be happy to see Israel as a member state of the EU soon (Rettman, 2010). Hence, in the legal documents, the geographic criteria briefly demands that the candidate country shall have territory on the European continent and economical, cultural, historical and political ties with other European s tates as well. On the other hand, in practice, it can be seen so questionable. There is no clear answer for this dilemma. It can be easily illustrated by the fact that, before the rejection of Morocco, the EU accepted French Guiana to join the union despite the reality that it is in South Africa. Both countries mentioned in this case have similar background within France. The only difference is unlike French Guiana, Morocco is independent right now. However, instead of both countries, only French Guiana is in the EU. As a result, it can be claimed that the geographical criteria are not necessarily applicable within the current membership mechanism. Until 1993 the decision-making process of membership doesn`t have clear references. The clear expression of prerequisites is declared with the Copenhagen Criteria. However, when member states agreed on criteria in 1993, there was no mechanism for ensuring that any member state was in compliance with these criteria. Nevertheless some legal arrangements and sanctions have been imposed to monitor compliance with these criteria. The first victim of this action was the Austrian government of Wolfgang Schà ¼ssel in early 2000. They have been come across with sanctions of the other 14 Member States governments because of not compensating the membership requisites. These legal arrangements came into effect under the provisions of the Treaty of Nice on the first of February 2003. With Copenhagen Criteria three more aspects were added into membership mechanism; Political, Legislative and Economic criteria. These criteria are going to be explained particularly as follows; As a crucial part of political criteria the EU ask for a consolidated democracy from candidate states. According to most political science scholars, the definition of consolidated democracy contains these three steps; Competitive elections, Liberties such as freedom of expression, freedom of press and freedom of association, and Consolidation of democracy in society. Consolidated democratic governance requires that all citizens of the country shall be able to participate equally in the political decision making process at every single governing level. Consolidated democracy also means free and fair elections with a secret ballot, freedom of press, the right to establish political parties without any obstacle from the state rulers, freedom of association, freedom of expression, rule of laws and freedom of standing trial through unbiased free judges. The second political criteria for candidate states is the rule of law which expresses government authority may only be exercised in accor dance with documented and written laws. They should be adopted through an established procedure. In case of arbitrary rulings towards individuals, the principle is supposed to be a safeguard. The third political criterion to join the European Union is respecting the Human rights in every kind of situation. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is considered the most authoritative formulation of human rights and the EU is also admitted its legitimacy. According to the declaration human rights which every person holds because of their quality as a human being should be protected against all threats. Besides, those rights are inalienable and belonging to all humans. Briefly, if a right is inalienable, that means it cannot be limited, granted, bestowed, bartered away, or sold away. These include the right to life, the right to be prosecuted only according to the rule of laws, the right to be free from slavery, and the right to be free from torture.(Wikipedia, 2010a) T he last but not the least political criteria for EU membership are respect for minorities and protecting their rights. At the beginning there was no clarity in definition of minorities in member states. But in 1995 with the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (COE) the EU declared minorities in member states and defined their rights with consensus. However, minorities in member states are defined by a consensus commission which was formed by member states therefore not all minorities could be regarded and defined within the concept. The consensus commission (the Venice Commission) reached the conclusion of the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities which protects minorities by defining them as â€Å"a group which is smaller in number than the rest of the population of a State, whose members, who are nationals of that State, have ethnical, religious or linguistic features different from those of the rest of the population, and are guided by the will to safeguard their culture, traditions, religion or language† (Venice Commision, 2004: 1). According to the definition of national minorities, unlike others, recent minorities such as immigrant populations have not been listed by signatory countries in the convention. This can be seen by checking the list of national minorities published by Council of Europe (Council of Europe, 2007). Another issue of the EU membership mechanism which can also be considered as a membership requirement is the economic criteria. As it is obviously known that the free market economy is the main characteristic of the EU. Speaking generally about free market economy, candidate countries shall have a functioning free market economy and the system should not be interfered by government as little as it is possible. Besides, their producers shall have the capability to deal with competitive pressure of free market and market forces within the Union. Nowadays, all economic requirements for membership are carried out with The European Exchange Rate Mechanism to take candidates into the Eurozone. While debating economic criteria for EU membership, one of the most popular misbelieves is the acceptance of economic criteria which were defined by the Maastricht Treaty as prerequisites for membership. Because the way it is interpreted in the Maastricht Treaty concerns about member states. They men tion about neither the necessity of abiding by the treaty for candidates nor obligations on candidate states. However, in practice, fulfilling those criteria is also expected from candidate states. The economic criteria defined by the Maastricht Treaty became more concrete with the Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure and the Protocol on the Convergence Criteria Referred to in Article 109j annexed to this Treaty. In the Protocols the desired ratios and rate were announced to member states, regarding to the practical aspect of the Treaty, it is binding for candidate states as well. The economic requisites for membership are sorted with articles in the protocol as follows; â€Å"The reference values referred to in Article 104c(2) of this Treaty are: 3% for the ratio of the planned or actual government deficit to gross domestic product at market prices; 60% for the ratio of government debt to gross domestic product at market prices.†(European Commission, 1992c) â€Å"The criterion on price stability referred to in the first indent of Article 109j (l) of this Treaty shall mean that a Member State has a price performance that is sustainable and an average rate of inflation, observed over a period of one year before the examination, that does not exceed by more than 1 ½ percentage points that of, at most, the three best performing Member States in terms of price stability. Inflation shall be measured by 30 means of the consumer price index on a comparable basis, taking into account differences in national definitions.†(European Commission, 1992b) Lastly, all candidates should regulate and enact their constitutions and judicial systems to consolidate them according to European law which built up over the history of the Union and also known as the acquis communautaire. After all criteria, the negotiations phase is the last step towards membership. During the negotiations with each candidate country, progress towards meeting the Copenhagen criteria is regularly monitored. On the basis of this, decisions are made as to whether and when a particular country should join, or what actions need to be taken before its access become possible. However, even though a country successfully fulfilled the whole bunch of criteria, it is declared that the new member cannot take its place in the Union until it is considered that the EU per se shall have enough absorption capacity for this enlargement. This situation were announced with the excepts in Presidency Conclusions (Copenhagen European Council, 1993) as follows; â€Å"The Unions capacity to absorb new members, while maintaining the momentum of European integration, is also an important consideration in the general interest of both the Union and the candidate countries.†(Copenhagen European Council, 1993: 1) To see the officially declared requirements and explanations it can be better to quote some excerpts from official web-sites of the European Union, thus the criteria can be compared and understood with and without interpretation; Accession criteria In 1993, at the Copenhagen European Council, the Union took a decisive step towards the fifth enlargement, agreeing that â€Å"the associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe that so desire shall become members of the European Union.† Thus, enlargement was no longer a question of ‘if, but ‘when. Concerning the timing, the European Council states: â€Å"Accession will take place as soon as an associated country is able to assume the obligations of membership by satisfying the economic and political conditions required.† At the same time, it defined the membership criteria, which are often referred to as the ‘Copenhagen criteria. Copenhagen European Council Membership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities; the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union; the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic monetary union. Madrid European Council Membership criteria also require that the candidate country must have created the conditions for its integration through the adjustment of its administrative structures, as underlined by the Madrid European Council in December 1995. While it is important that European Community legislation is transposed into national legislation, it is even more important that the legislation is implemented effectively through appropriate administrative and judicial structures. This is a prerequisite of the mutual trust required by EU membership.† (European Commision, 2010) As opposed to the membership criteria and the EU`s Acquis Communautaire, general criticisms are the lack of certainty and elaboration in membership criteria, not mentioning in Acquis Communautaire about cancelling membership in the case of refusing to carry out sanctions and penalties opted by the EU and the slightly existence of flexibility towards extreme case such as a desire of a member state to quit from the Union. In other words, there are sometimes conflicting interpretations in current member states about membership criteria and cancelling membership of an idle member state. On the other hand, the right of quitting form the union is recently added to the EU acquis with the Treaty of Lisbon. â€Å"Before the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009 no provision in the treaties or law of the European Union outlined the ability of a state to voluntary withdraw from EU. The European Constitution did propose such a provision and, after the failure to ratify the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, that provision was then included in the Lisbon Treaty. The treaty introduces an exit clause for members who wish to withdraw from the Union. This formalizes the procedure by stating that a member state may notify the European Council that it wishes to withdraw, upon which withdrawal negotiations begin; if no other agreement is reached the treaty ceases to apply to the withdrawing state two years after such notification.†(Wikipedia, 2010b) â€Å"Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.†(European Comission, 2007: Article 50) 2.2 Enlargement Activities The European Union enlarged fifth times so far and enlargements with greater amount of candidates mostly occurred through eastern European countries after the definition of the criteria mentioned above. This enlargement process started in 1952 when the European Union was still called as the European Coal and Steel Community. Since then, the EU has achieved to have twenty-seven member states with the most recent expansion to Bulgaria and Romania in 2007. Table 1. The EU`s enlargements and its approved members Accession Applicant Issued Enlargements 23 July 1952 France N/A Founding Members 23 July 1952 (West) Germany N/A 23 July 1952 Belgium N/A 23 July 1952 Italy N/A 23 July 1952 Netherlands N/A 23 July 1952 Luxembourg N/A 1 January 1973 United Kingdom 10 August 1961 First Enlargement 10 May 1967 1 January 1973 Denmark 10 August 1961 11 May 1967 1 January 1973 Ireland 10 August 1961 11 May 1967 1 January 1981 Greece 12 June 1975 Second Enlargement 1 January 1986 Spain 28 June 1977 Third Enlargement 1 January 1986 Portugal 28 March 1977 1 January 1995 Austria 17 July 1989 Fourth Enlargement 1 January 1995 Sweden 1 July 1991 1 January 1995 Finland 18 March 1992 1 May 2004 Cyprus 3 July 1990 Fifth Enlargement 1 May 2004 Malta 3 July 1990 1 May 2004 Hungary 31 March 1994 1 May 2004 Poland 5 April 1994 1 May 2004 Slovakia 27 June 1995 1 May 2004 Latvia 13 September 1995 1 May 2004 Estonia 24 November 1995 1 May 2004 Lithuania 8 December 1995 1 May 2004 Czech Republic 17 January 1996 1 May 2004 Slovenia 10 June 1996 1 January 2007 Romania 22 June 1995 1 January 2007 Bulgaria 14 December 1995 Within the table above the enlargements and candidate countries are sorted according to historical antecedence. On the other side, there are also countries which could not join the EU because of particular reasons. The United Kingdom is vetoed by the French Government in 1961 and Denmark and Ireland

Talk Shows: Why Jerry Springer Loves our Children :: Essays Papers

Talk Shows: Why Jerry Springer Loves our Children Jerry Springer is one of the most popular daytime talk show hosts. Each day on the Jerry Springer show, guest talk about their problems in front of national television. Jerry Springer helps his guest work through their problems by adding in comments to fuel the argument. During the show, the audience is watching the problem’s unfold with a dramatic twist to the guest’s conflicting matters. A typical day on the Jerry Springer show is filled with cursing, shouting and fighting. The fighting adds to the affect of the problem and keeps the audience entertained. The problem with the Jerry Springer show comes when the youth of America watches the program after they get home from school which is around 3 or 4 o’clock in the afternoon. A show like this only promotes violence and even talks about sexual content. One example is why a woman cheated on her husband with his sister. That might sound odd or out of the ordinary, but it attracts peoples’ attention and even our children’s. In today’s society, children spend a lot of time in front of the television surfing through channels to find interesting things to watch. George Gerbner, author of Television violence; The Power and Peril, quotes, â€Å"Television, the mainstream of the new cultural environment, has brought about a radical change in the way children grew up and learn in our society† (Gebner). Children should be learning new things everyday from school and parents, not from talk shows that represent the domestic violence. Violence affects children a lot more than it would adults because children are easily convinced and more gullible. Since children are easily convinced, it is more likely for them to believe what happens on talk shows is real life and that someone is not staging the show. When watching daytime talk shows, children are watching and learning the social interactions between people who cheat, fight, steal, and are sexually deviant. Over time children could start to believe that these acts of violence are the norm. Landrea Wells a student from the University of Florida studied children and television, she states, â€Å"The general concern about violence both then and now includes the fact that there have been consistently high levels of violence throughout much of television history. Children are more vulnerable to violent acts due to the fact that they are in early stages of developing behavior patterns, attitudes, and values about social interaction†( http://iml.

IP Addresses Classes and Special Essay

Use IP Address Space In a computer network internet protocol is used for communication, to each device such as printers and computers a numerical label called an IP (Internet Protocol) Address is assigned. There are two functions of an IP Address a host or network interface identification, and also provides a location addressing. The basic elements of a network are the IP Address and Subnet Mask. There is also switching and routing which after you connect devices to switches and routers, data packets can be moved across the network. The Internet Protocol Version 4 (known as IPv4) is a protocol highly used even today, this IP Address consist of a 32-bit number in decimal or binary in four parts. In 1995 Internet Protocol Version 6 (known as IPv6) was created due to a high growth of the Internet, and the reduction of available IP addresses. IPv6 consist of a 128-bit number for addresses, in 1998 IPv6 was standardized as RFC 2460 and since the mid-2000’s has been used. Stored in text files and displayed as a readable notation IP Addresses are started as binary numbers, before their put out in readable form for individuals. Subnet short for Sub-network was not present in 1969 the classes of A – E did not exist yet. There were only 254 distinct networks with each network having a max of 16,777,214 IP addresses, because the first 8 bits for network part are standard reserved. Network Classes were developed in 1981. 16,777,214 IP addresses can be placed in 24 bits for host address, with this on the horizon developers found that they had to partition IP addresses. This partition had to be done in a way so we can have different sizes of a network. Different sizes of network bits eventually created different classes of networks, known today as Class A, Class B, and Class C. This solved the issue with the classes, but with little information given we still needed to identify what is the network class. In octets Class A (network bit 8 host bit 24) always between 0-127, Class B (network bit 16 host bit 16) between 128-191, Class C (network bit 24 host bit 8) between 192-224, Class D (network and host bit not defined) between 225-239, and Class E (network and host bit not defined) between 240-255. References: Decinteral.in.com Understanding IP Address and Subnet Mask Microsoft Tech.Net Wikipedia.com